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Mobilization With Movement: Principles of Application Brian Mulligans concept of MWM is the natural continuance of progression in the development of manual therapy from active self-stretching exercises, to therapist-applied passive physiological movement, to passive accessory mobilization techniques. MWM is the concurrent application of pain-free accessory mobilization with active and/or passive physiological movement. Passive end-range overpressure or stretching is then applied without pain as a barrier. Principles of Application These techniques are applicable when; No Contraindications: The techniques of mobilization should only be applied when no contraindication for manual therapy exist. Full orthopedic examination: A full orthopedic examination has been completed, and evaluation of the results indicates local musculoskeletal pathology. Biomechanical analysis: A special biomechanical analysis reveals localized loss of movement and/or pain associated with function. Pain Free applic...

Cervical Muscles: Anatomy, Function, and Clinical Relevance Introduction The neck, or cervical region is a critically important area of anatomy because it supports the head, provides spanning movement, and protects the neurovascular structures. The cervical muscles contribute to posture, head movement, respiration and stabilize the cervical spine. The airflow of these muscles can be painful, grim, headache and limitation. Notifying the anatomy and clinical significance of them is important for physiotherapists, clinicians and students. The cervical muscles can be broadly divided into superficial, intermediate, and deep groups , with each group performing specific functions. 1. Superficial Muscles Sternocleidomastoid (SCM): Origin: Manubrium of sternum and medial third of clavicle Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone and superior nuchal line Nerve supply: Spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI) and cervical plexus (C2–C3) Function: Rotates head to opposite sid...

Posture Posture is the alignment of the body parts, whether upright, sitting, or recumbent. It is described by the positions of the joints and body segments, and also in terms of the balance between the muscles crossing the joints. Impairments in the joints, muscles, or connective tissues may lead to faulty postures, or, conversely, faulty postures may lead to impairments in the joints, muscles, and connective tissues as well as symptoms of discomfort and pain. Many musculoskeletal complaints can be attributed to stresses that occur from repetitive or sustained activities when in a habitually faulty postural alignment.  Structure and Function of the Spine Structure The structure of the spinal column consists of 33 vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral, and 3 or 4 coccygeal) and their respective intervertebral discs. Articulating with the spine are the 12 pairs of ribs in the thoracic region, the cranium at the top of the spine at the occipital-atlas joint, an...

Fatigue Fatigue is a complex phenomenon that affects muscle performance and must be considered in a resistance exercise program. There are several types of fatigue, each with its own definition. Muscle (Local) Fatigue Most relevant to resistance exercise is the phenomenon of skeletal muscle fatigue. Muscle fatigue , the diminished response of a muscle to a repeated stimulus, is reflected in a progressive decrement in the amplitude of motor unit potentials. This occurs during exercise when a muscle repeatedly contracts statically or dynamically against an imposed load. Muscle fatigue is an acute physiological response to exercise that is normal and reversible. It is characterized by a gradual decline in the force-producing capacity of the neuromuscular system. This is a temporary decline that leads to a decrease in muscle strength. The diminished contractile response of the muscle is caused by a complex combination of factors, which include disturbances in the contractile mechani...

Thenar and Hypothenar Muscles: Anatomy, Functions, and Clinical Relevance Introduction The human hand is a highly specialized structure that allows fine motor movements, grasping, and manipulation of objects. Two important groups of muscles that contribute significantly to the dexterity of the hand are the thenar muscles and hypothenar muscles . These intrinsic muscles form the fleshy bulges on the palm and are responsible for precise thumb and little finger movements. Understanding their anatomy and clinical importance is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and medical students. Thenar Muscles Anatomy The thenar muscles are located at the base of the thumb, forming the thenar eminence . This group consists of: Abductor pollicis brevis (APB) – abducts the thumb. Flexor pollicis brevis (FPB) – flexes the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint. Opponens pollicis (OP) – allows opposition of the thumb. Adductor p...

MCQs on Muscles (For DPT Students) – Set 1 Anatomy & Physiology The largest muscle in the human body is: a) Biceps brachii b) Latissimus dorsi c) Gluteus maximus d) Quadriceps femoris Answer: c Which muscle is known as the "calf muscle"? a) Soleus b) Gastrocnemius c) Tibialis anterior d) Peroneus longus Answer: b Which muscle is responsible for chewing? a) Masseter b) Sternocleidomastoid c) Orbicularis oris d) Temporalis Answer: a Which abdominal muscle is most important for trunk rotation? a) Rectus abdominis b) Transversus abdominis c) Internal oblique d) Pyramidalis Answer: c Which muscle inserts into the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon? a) Tibialis anterior b) Soleus c) Gastrocnemius d) Both b & c Answer: d The “rotator cuff” muscles include all EXCEPT: a) Supraspinatus b) Infraspinatus c) Teres minor d) Teres major Answer: d Which muscle flexes the forearm at the elbow? a) Triceps brachii b) Biceps brachii ...